References

Below is a list of all citations for the evidence related to the BN model. Browse specific BN relations to see the associated evidence.

1. American College of Surgeons, ATLS: Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors, 8th Edition. 2008.
2. Allgower M, Burri C. ["Shock index"]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift. 1967 Oct 27;92(43):1947-50.
3. Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ, Terry D, Bove JJ, Tloczkowski J. Shock index in diagnosing early acute hypovolemia. Am J Emerg Med 2005;23(3):323-6.
4. Brasel KJ, Guse C, Gentilello LM, Nirula R. Heart rate: is it truly a vital sign? The Journal of trauma. 2007 Apr;62(4):812-7
5. Brazil EV, Coats TJ. Sonoclot coagulation analysis of in-vitro haemodilution with resuscitation solutions. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 Oct;93(10):507-10
6. Excess Lactate: An Index of Reversibility of Shock in Human Patients. Science. 1964 Mar 27;143(3613):1457-9
7. Brohi K. Diagnosis and management of coagulopathy after major trauma. Br J Surg 2009;96(9):963-4.
8. Brohi, K. Singh, J. Heron, M. Coats, T. 2003, "Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy", J Trauma, 54(6), 1127-1130
9. Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Davenport RA. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: mechanism, identification and effect. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007;13(6):680-5.
10. Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Matthay MA, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF. Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion: modulated through the protein C pathway? Annals of surgery. 2007 May;245(5):812-8
11. Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Schultz MJ, Levi M, Mackersie RC, et al. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma 2008;64(5):1211-7; discussion 17.
12. Bruijns SR, Guly HR, Bouamra O, Lecky F, Lee WA. The value of traditional vital signs, shock index, and age-based markers in predicting trauma mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013 Jun;74(6):1432-7
13. Chesebro BB, Rahn P, Carles M, Esmon CT, Xu J, Brohi K, et al. Increase in activated protein C mediates acute traumatic coagulopathy in mice. Shock. 2009 Dec;32(6):659-65
14. Cohen MJ, Brohi K, Ganter MT, Manley GT, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF. Early coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury: the role of hypoperfusion and the protein C pathway. The Journal of trauma. 2007 Dec;63(6):1254-61; discussion 61-2
15. Cohen MJ, Kutcher M, Redick B, Nelson M, Call M, Knudson MM, et al. Clinical and mechanistic drivers of acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013 Jul;75(1 Suppl 1):S40-7
16. Cosgriff N, Moore EE, Sauaia A, Kenny-Moynihan M, Burch JM, Galloway B. Predicting life-threatening coagulopathy in the massively transfused trauma patient: hypothermia and acidoses revisited. The Journal of trauma. 1997 May;42(5):857-61; discussion 61-2
17. Davenport R, Manson J, De'Ath H, Platton S, Coates A, Allard S, Hart D, Pearse R, Pasi KJ, MacCallum P, Stanworth S, Brohi K. 2011. Functional definition and characterization of acute traumatic coagulopathy.Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec;39(12):2652-8.
18. Davis JW, Shackford SR, Holbrook TL. Base deficit as a sensitive indicator of compensated shock and tissue oxygen utilization. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics. 1991 Dec;173(6):473-6
19. The relationship of base deficit to lactate in porcine hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. The Journal of trauma. 1994 Feb;36(2):168-72
20. Davis JW, Parks SN, Kaups KL, Gladen HE, O'Donnell-Nicol S. Admission base deficit predicts transfusion requirements and risk of complications. The Journal of trauma. 1996 Nov;41(5):769-74
21. Engstrom M, Schott U, Romner B, Reinstrup P. Acidosis impairs the coagulation: A thromboelastographic study. The Journal of trauma. 2006 Sep;61(3):624-8
22. Fries D, Haas T, Klingler A, Streif W, Klima G, Martini J, et al. Efficacy of fibrinogen and prothrombin complex concentrate used to reverse dilutional coagulopathy--a porcine model. British journal of anaesthesia. 2006 Oct;97(4):460-7
23. Frith D, Goslings JC, Gaarder C, Maegele M, Cohen MJ, Allard S, et al. Definition and drivers of acute traumatic coagulopathy: clinical and experimental investigations. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH. 2010 Sep;8(9):1919-25
24. Gentilello LM, Jurkovich GJ, Stark MS, Hassantash SA, O'Keefe GE. Is hypothermia in the victim of major trauma protective or harmful? A randomized, prospective study. Annals of surgery. 1997 Oct;226(4):439-47; discussion 47-9.
25. H. R. Guly, O. Bouamra, M. Spiers, P. Dark, T. Coats, and F. E. Lecky, ‘Vital signs and estimated blood loss in patients with major trauma: testing the validity of the ATLS classi-fication of hypovolaemic shock’, Resuscitation, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 556–559, 2011.
26. Haider AH, Chang DC, Haut ER, Cornwell EE, 3rd, Efron DT. Mechanism of injury predicts patient mortality and impairment after blunt trauma. J Surg Res 2009;153(1):138-42.
27. Hess JR, Brohi K, Dutton RP, Hauser CJ, Holcomb JB, Kluger Y, et al. The coagulopathy of trauma: a review of mechanisms. The Journal of trauma. 2008 Oct;65(4):748-54
28. Keller MS, Fendya DG, Weber TR. Glasgow Coma Scale predicts coagulopathy in pediatric trauma patients. Seminars in pediatric surgery. 2001 Feb;10(1):12-6
29. Little RA, Kirkman E, Driscoll P, Hanson J, Mackway-Jones K. Preventable deaths after injury: why are the traditional 'vital' signs poor indicators of blood loss? J Accid Emerg Med 1995;12(1):1-14.
30. MacLeod JB, Lynn M, McKenney MG, Cohn SM, Murtha M. Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma. The Journal of trauma. 2003 Jul;55(1):39-44
31. Maegele M, Lefering R, Yucel N, Tjardes T, Rixen D, Paffrath T, et al. Early coagulopathy in multiple injury: an analysis from the German Trauma Registry on 8724 patients. Injury. 2007 Mar;38(3):298-304
32. Martini WZ. The effects of hypothermia on fibrinogen metabolism and coagulation function in swine. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2007 Feb;56(2):214-21
33. Martini WZ, Pusateri AE, Uscilowicz JM, Delgado AV, Holcomb JB. Independent contributions of hypothermia and acidosis to coagulopathy in swine. The Journal of trauma. 2005 May;58(5):1002-9; discussion 9-10
34. Martini WZ, Dubick MA, Pusateri AE, et al. Does bicarbonate correct coagulation function impaired by acidosis in swine? J Trauma 2006; 61: 99–106
35. Martini WZ, Dubick MA, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. Evaluation of tris-hydro- xymethylaminomethane on reversing coagulation abnormalities caused by acidosis in pigs. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1568–1574
36. Martini WZ, Holcomb JB. Acidosis and coagulopathy: the differential effects on fibrinogen synthesis and breakdown in pigs. Annals of surgery. 2007 Nov;246(5):831-5
37. Martini WZ. Coagulopathy by hypothermia and acidosis: mechanisms of thrombin generation and fibrinogen availability. The Journal of trauma. 2009 Jul;67(1):202-8; discussion 8-9
38. Meng ZH, Wolberg AS, Monroe DM, 3rd, Hoffman M. The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of factor VIIa: implications for the efficacy of high-dose factor VIIa in hypothermic and acidotic patients. The Journal of trauma. 2003 Nov;55(5):886-91
39. Mitra B, Cameron PA, Mori A, Maini A, Fitzgerald M, Paul E, et al. Early prediction of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Resuscitation. 2011 Sep;82(9):1208-13
40. Morgan GE, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ, Larson CP. Clinical anesthesiology: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill New York, NY; 2006
41. Niles SE, McLaughlin DF, Perkins JG, Wade CE, Li Y, Spinella PC, et al. Increased mortality associated with the early coagulopathy of trauma in combat casualties. The Journal of trauma. 2008 Jun;64(6):1459-63; discussion 63-5
42. Parr MJ, Bouillon B, Brohi K, Dutton RP, Hauser CJ, Hess JR, et al. Traumatic coagulopathy: where are the good experimental models? The Journal of trauma. 2008 Oct;65(4):766-71
43. Peek-Asa C, Zwerling C. Role of environmental interventions in injury control and prevention. Epidemiol Rev 2003;25:77-89.
44. Rady MY, Nightingale P, Little RA, Edwards JD. Shock index: a re-evaluation in acute circulatory failure. Resuscitation. 1992 Jun-Jul;23(3):227-34
45. D. Rixen and J. H. Siegel, ‘Bench-to-bedside review: oxygen debt and its metabolic corre-lates as quantifiers of the severity of haemorrhagic and post-traumatic shock’, Critical Care, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 441, 2005.
46. Rugeri L, Levrat A, David JS, Delecroix E, Floccard B, Gros A, et al. Diagnosis of early coagulation abnormalities in trauma patients by rotation thrombelastography. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH. 2007 Feb;5(2):289-95
47. Rutherford EJ, Morris JA, Jr., Reed GW, Hall KS. Base deficit stratifies mortality and determines therapy. The Journal of trauma. 1992 Sep;33(3):417-23.
48. Salehpour F, Bazzazi AM, Porhomayon J, Nader ND. Correlation between coagulopathy and outcome in severe head trauma in neurointensive care and trauma units. Journal of critical care. 2011 Aug;26(4):352-6
49. Shafi S, Elliott AC, Gentilello L. Is hypothermia simply a marker of shock and injury severity or an independent risk factor for mortality in trauma patients? Analysis of a large national trauma registry. The Journal of trauma. 2005 Nov;59(5):1081-5
50. Simmons JW, White CE, Ritchie JD, Hardin MO, Dubick MA, Blackbourne LH. Mechanism of injury affects acute coagulopathy of trauma in combat casualties. J Trauma 2011;71(1 Suppl):S74-7.
51. Smith ZA and Wood D 2013 Emergency focussed assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) and haemodynamic stability. Emerg Med J PMID: 23407380
52. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau, J, Fernandez-Mondejar E, Filipescu D, Hunt BJ, Komadina R, Nardi G, Neugebauer E, Ozier Y, Riddez L, Schultz A, Vincent JL, Rossaint R. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. (2013) Critical Care, 17(2), R76.
53. Talving P, Benfield R, Hadjizacharia P, Inaba K, Chan LS, Demetriades D. Coagulopathy in severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective study. The Journal of trauma. 2009 Jan;66(1):55-61; discussion -2
54. M. J. Vandromme, R. L. Griffin, J. A. Weinberg, L. W. Rue, and J. D. Kerby, ‘Lactate is a better predictor than systolic blood pressure for determining blood requirement and mortal-ity: Could prehospital measures improve trauma triage?’, Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 210, no. 5, pp. 861–867, 2010.
55. Wafaisade A, Wutzler S, Lefering R, Tjardes T, Banerjee M, Paffrath T, Bouillon B, Maegele M, Trauma Registry of DGU. Drivers of acute coagulopathy after severe trauma: a multivariate analysis of 1987 patients. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2010 Jun;27:934-939.
56. Wang HE, Callaway CW, Peitzman AB, Tisherman SA. Admission hypothermia and outcome after major trauma. Critical care medicine. 2005 Jun;33(6):1296-301
57. Williams NS, Bulstrode CJ, P Ronan O'Connell M. Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery 26E: Crc Press; 2013
58. Wolberg AS, Meng ZH, Monroe DM, 3rd, Hoffman M. A systematic evaluation of the effect of temperature on coagulation enzyme activity and platelet function. The Journal of trauma. 2004 Jun;56(6):1221-8
59. Yet B, Perkins Z, Fenton N, Tai N, Marsh W 2014. Not just data: A method for improving prediction with knowledge. J Biomed Inform. 48; 28-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2013.10.012